Bubbling Lava Lamp

                                                            Materials

• Clean, plastic soda bottle, glass, jar, or Baby Soda Bottle Test Tube
• Soda bottle cap
• Vegetable oil (the cheaper the better)
• Food coloring
• Alka-Seltzer tablet or Fizzy Tablets
• Flashlight
• Water

  Experiment

  
  1. Fill the bottle 3/4 full with vegetable oil.
  2. Fill the rest of the bottle with water (almost to the top but not overflowing).
  3. Add about 10 drops of food coloring. Be sure to make the water fairly dark in color. Notice that the food coloring only colors the water and not the oil. Hmmm...
  4. Divide the Alka-Seltzer tablet into 8 pieces.
  5. Drop one of the tiny pieces of Alka-Seltzer into the oil and water mixture. Watch what happens. When the bubbling stops, add another chunk of Alka-Seltzer. It’s just like a lava lamp!
  6. If you want to make it even more "lave-like," put your bottle on a flashlight and turn the room lights off. 
  7. When you have used up all of the Alka-Seltzer and the bubbling has completely stopped, screw on the soda bottle cap. Tip the bottle back and forth and watch a wave appear. The tiny droplets of liquid join together to make one big lava-like blob.

  How Does It Work?

  First of all, you confirmed what you already knew... oil and water do not mix. The molecules of water do not like to mix with the molecules of oil. Even if you try to shake up the bottle, the oil breaks up into small little drops, but the oil doesn’t mix with the water. Also, food coloring only mixes with water. It does not color the oil.
  
  When you pour the water into the bottle with the oil, the water sinks to the bottom and the oil floats to the top. This is the same as when oil from a ship spills in the ocean. The oil floats on top of the water. Oil floats on the surface because water is heavier than oil. Scientists say that the water is more dense than the oil.
  Here’s the surprising part... The Alka-Seltzer tablet reacts with the water to make tiny bubbles of carbon dioxide gas. These bubbles attach themselves to the blobs of colored water and cause them to float to the surface. When the bubbles pop, the color blobs sink back to the bottom of the bottle. Now that’s a burst of color! Your own homemade lava lamp... groovy baby!

  
  
  

Chemical Magic

• Materials

  • A few leaves of red cabbage
  • A blender
  • A strainer
  • Plastic cups
  • Water
  • Some household products described in each section

Experiment

Easy Method: Red Cabbage Jiffy Juice

Just follow the directions on the Red Cabbage Jiffy Juice bottle to make a big pitcher of "indicator" solution.
Stinky Method: Make Your Own Cabbage Juice

1. Peel off six big cabbage leaves and put them in a blender filled half full with water. Liquify it!
2. Pour the purplish cabbage liquid through a strainer to filter out all of the big chunks of cabbage. Doesn't cabbage juice smell great?
3. Save the liquid for the experiments to follow.

Regardless of which method you used to make your "indicator" solution, try this...

1. Set out three glasses, side by side against a white piece of paper.
2. Fill each glass half full with cabbage juice.
3. Since you know that vinegar is an example of an acid, add a little vinegar to the first glass of cabbage juice. Stir with a spoon and notice the color change to red, which indicates that vinegar is classified as an acid.
4. In the second glass, add a teaspoon of washing soda or laundry detergent. Notice how the liquid turns green which indicates this chemical is a base. Keep these two glasses of red and green liquid for future reference.
5. Try adding your own "test" substances to a small amount of cabbage juice and note the color change to determine if something is an acid or a base.  Orange juice, lemonade, milk, salt, ammonia, or soap are some suggestions. 

How Does It Work?

Some substances are classified as either an acid or a base. Think of acids and bases as opposites. Scientists can tell if a substance is an acid or a base by means of an indicator. An indicator is typically a chemical that changes color if it comes in contact with an acid or a base.
As you can see, the purple cabbage juice turns red when it is mixed with something acidic (an acid), or green when it mixes with something basic (a base). In the previous experiment, the vinegar was the acid and the laundry detergent was the base. Remember that an acid is the opposite of a base. Red cabbage juice is considered to be an indicator because it shows us something about the chemical composition of other substances. This is just one of many indicators that are available to scientists. Some indicators start out colorless and turn blue or pink, for example, when they mix with a base. There are hundreds of different types of indicators available to scientists depending on the type of substance that they are testing. If there is no color change at all, the substance that you are testing is probably neutral, just like water.

Additional Info

WARNING: Making your own red cabbage indicator is guaranteed to drive everyone out of your house because it stinks!

Chemistry Laboratory Safety Rules

Some rules are NOT made to be broken. That is true of the rules used in a chemistry lab. They are really, truly for your safety and not your humiliation.

• Do Not Pipette By Mouth - Ever
  You say, "But it's only water." Even if it is, how clean do you think that glassware really is? Using disposable pipettes? I know lots of people who rinse them and put them back! Learn to use the pipette bulb or automated pipetter. Don't pipette by mouth at home either. Gasoline and kerosene should be obvious, but people get hospitalized or die every year, right? I know someone who used his mouth to start the suction on a waterbed to drain it. Do you know what they put in some waterbed additives? Carbon-14. Mmmm...radiation. He couldn't retch fast enough! The lesson is that even seemingly harmless substances may be dangerous!
• Read the Chemical Safety Information
  A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) should be available for every chemical you use in lab. Read these and follow the recommendations for safe use and disposal of the material.
• Dress Appropriately (for chemistry lab, not fashion or the weather)
  No sandals, no clothes you love more than life, no contact lenses, and long pants are preferable to shorts or short skirts. Tie long hair back. Wear safety goggles and a lab coat. Even if you aren't clumsy, someone else in the lab probably is. If you take even a few chemistry courses you will probably see people set themselves on fire, spill acid on themselves, others, or notes, splash themselves in the eye, etc. Don't be the bad example to others, remembered for all time for something stupid!
• Identify the Safety Equipment
  And know how to use it! Given that some people (possibly you) will need them, know the locations of the fire blanket, extinguishers, eyewash, and shower. Ask for demonstrations! If the eyewash hasn't been used in a while the discoloration of the water is usually sufficient to inspire use of safety glasses.
• Don't Taste or Sniff Chemicals
  For many chemicals, if you can smell them then you are exposing yourself to a dose that can harm you! If the safety information says that a chemical should only be used inside a fume hood, then don't use it anywhere else. This isn't cooking class - don't taste your experiments!
• Don't Casually Dispose of Chemicals Down the Drain
  Some chemicals can be washed down the drain, while others require a different method of disposal. If a chemical can go in the sink, be sure to wash it away rather than risk an unexpected reaction between chemical 'leftovers' later.
• Don't Eat or Drink in Lab
  It's tempting, but oh so dangerous... just don't do it!
• Don't Play Mad Scientist
  Don't haphazardly mix chemicals! Pay attention to the order in which chemicals are to be added to each other and do not deviate from the instructions. Even chemicals that mix to produce seemingly safe products should be handled carefully. For example, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide will give you salt water, but the reaction could break your glassware or splash the reactants onto you if you aren't careful!
• Take Data During Lab
  Not after lab, on the assumption that it will be neater. Put data directly in your lab book rather than transcribing from another source (e.g., notebook or lab partner). There are lots of reasons for this, but the practical one is that it is much harder for the data to get lost in your lab book. For some experiments, it may be helpful to take data beforelab. No, I'm not telling you to dry-lab or cheat, but being able to project likely data will help you catch bad lab procedure before you are three hours or so into a project. Know what to expect. You should always read the experiment in advance.

Make Your Own Chemicals

Ammonia - How to Prepare Ammonia Gas
These are instructions for preparing ammonia gas from ammonium chloride and calcium hydroxide in water.
Ammonium Nitrate Synthesis
You can make ammonium nitrate from common household chemicals. The ammonium nitrate may be used to make pyrotechnics or cold packs or to perform other interesting demonstrations.
Carbon Dioxide - How to Prepare Carbon Dioxide Gas
These are instructions for preparing carbon dioxide gas from calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid.
Chlorine Gas - How to Prepare Chlorine Gas
These are instructions for preparing chlorine gas from potassium permanganate and hydrochloric acid.
Copper Sulfate Preparation
Make copper sulfate or copper sulphate yourself from copper and sulfuric acid.
Hot Ice or Sodium Acetate
Sodium acetate or hot ice is an amazing chemical you can prepare yourself from baking soda and vinegar. You can cool a solution of sodium acetate below its melting point and then cause the liquid to crystallize. The crystallization is an exothermic process, so the resulting ice is hot. Solidification occurs so quickly you can form sculptures as you pour the hot ice.
Hot Ice Video Tutorial
Hot ice is a non-toxic chemical you can make in the kitchen from baking soda and vinegar. You can cause the saturated solution of hot ice to crystallize in 'ice' that gives of heat or you can build crystalline towers as you pour the hot ice onto a container. Here a step-by-step video that shows you what to do.

Common Chemicals and Where to Find Them

acetic acid (CH₃COOH + H₂O)
Weak acetic acid (~5%) is sold in grocery stores as white vinegar.
acetone (CH₃COCH₃)
Acetone is found in some nail polish removers and some paint removers. It may sometimes be found labelled as pure acetone
aluminum (Al)
Aluminum foil (grocery store) is pure aluminum. So is the aluminum wire and aluminum sheeting sold at a hardware store.
aluminum potassium sulfate (KAl(SO₄)₂•12H₂O)
This is alum that is sold at a grocery store.
ammonia (NH₃)
Weak ammonia (~10%) is sold as a household cleaner.
ammonium carbonate [(NH₄)₂CO₃]
Smelling salts (drug store) are ammonium carbonate.
ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH)
Ammonium hydroxide may be prepared by mixing household ammonia (sold as a cleaner) and strong ammonia (sold in some pharmacies) with water.
ascorbic acid (C₆H₈O₆)
Ascorbic acid is vitamin C. It is sold as vitamin C tablets in the pharmacy.
borax or sodium tetraborate (Na₂B₄O₇ * 10H₂O)
Borax is sold in solid form as a laundry booster, all-purpose cleaner and sometimes as an insecticide.
boric acid (H₃BO₃)
Boric acid is sold in pure form as a powder for use as a disinfectant (pharmacy section) or insecticide.
butane (C₄H₁₀)
Butane is sold as lighter fluid.
calcium carbonate (CaCO₃)
Limestone and calcite are calcium carbonate. Eggshells and seashells are calcium carbonate.
calcium chloride (CaCl₂)
Calcium chloride can be found as a laundry booster or as a road salt or de-icing agent. If you are using the road salt, be sure it is pure calcium chloride and not a mixture of various salts.
calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂)
Calcium hydroxide is sold with garden supplies as slaked lime or garden lime to reduce soil acidity.
calcium oxide (CaO)
Calcium oxide is sold as quicklime at builder supply stores.
calcium sulfate (CaSO₄ * H₂O)
Calcium sulphate is sold as plaster of Paris in craft stores and building supply stores.
carbon (C)
Carbon black (amorphous carbon) can be obtained by collecting soot from the complete burning of wood. Graphite is found as pencil 'lead'. Diamonds are pure carbon.
carbon dioxide (CO₂)
Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide, which sublimates into carbon dioxide gas. Several chemical reactions evolve carbon dioxide gas, such as the reaction between vinegar and baking soda to form sodium acetate.
copper (Cu)
Uncoated copper wire (from a hardware store or electronics supply store) is extremely pure elemental copper.
copper(II) sulfate (CuSO₄) and copper sulfate pentahydrate
Copper sulfate may be found in certain algicides (Bluestone™) at pool supply stores and sometimes in garden products (Root Eater™). Be sure to check the product label, since many different chemicals may be used as algicides.
helium (He)
Pure helium is sold as a gas. If you only need a little, simply purchase a helium-filled balloon. Otherwise, gas supplies usually carry this element.
iron (Fe)
Iron skillets are made of elemental iron. You can also pick up iron filings by running a magnet through most soils.
lead (Pb)
Elemental lead metal is found in lead fishing weights.
magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄ * 7H₂O)
Epsom salts, usually sold at a pharmacy, are magnesium sulfate.
mercury (Hg)
Mercury is used in some thermometers. It is more difficult to find than in the past, but many home thermostats still use mercury.
naphthalene (C₁₀H₈)
Some mothballs are pure naphthalene, though check the ingredients since others are made using (para)dichlorobenzene.
propane (C₃H₈)
Propane as sold as a gas barbeque and blow torch fuel.
silicon dioxide (SiO₂)
Silicon dioxide is found as clean sand, which is sold at garden and building supply stores. Broken glass is another source of silicon dioxide.
potassium chloride
Potassium chloride is found as lite salt.
sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
Sodium bicarbonate is baking soda, which is sold in grocery stores. sodium chloride (NaCl)
Sodium chloride is sold as table salt. Look for the uniodized variety of salt.
sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Sodium hydroxide is a strong base that may sometimes be found in solid drain cleaner. The pure chemical is waxy white solid, so if you see other colors in the product, expect that it contains impurities.
sodium tetraborate decahydate or borax (Na₂B₄O₇ * 10H₂O)
Borax is sold in solid form as a laundry booster, all-purpose cleaner and sometimes as an insecticide.
sucrose or saccharose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁)
Sucrose is ordinary table sugar. White granulated sugar is your best bet. There are additives in confectioner's sugar. If the sugar is not clear or white then it contains impurities.
sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)
Car battery acid is about 40% sulfuric acid. The acid can be concentrated by boiling it, though it may be heavily contaminated with lead, depending on the state of the battery's charge when the acid was collected.
zinc (Zn)
Zinc blocks may be sold by some electronics supply stores for use as anode. Zinc sheets may be sold as roof flashing at some building supply stores.

Homemade solar cell construction

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Homemade Biodiesel

 

DIY Project Make your own Biodiesel at Home

Biodiesel بائیو ڈیزل made from a vegetable oil- or animal fat-based diesel fuel consist of long-chain alkyl and esters. Biodiesel is normally made by chemically reacting lipids e.g., vegetable oil, animal with an alcohol produces fatty acid esters. Biodiesel is used in standard diesel engines and is thus distinct from the vegetable and waste oils used to fuel converted diesel engines. Biodiesel can be used alone, or blended with petro diesel. Biodiesel can also be used as a low carbon alternative to heating oil. Many people are interested in algae biodiesel as a green fuel so we are writes this article about making of biodiesel from green algae in Urdu. For production of algae biodiesel you need to have transparent plastic bottles air pump algae from pond or other sources and compressor